Diplomatic Immunity

The importance of developing friendly intercourse between members of international community which is one of the avowed aims of the United Nations, necessitate the establishment of diplomatic relations between nations. As the complexity of international affairs increased and the interdependence of nations grew, countries recognized both the convenience and necessity of maintaining resident envoys abroad. A code of diplomatic procedure was developed and has become part of the law of nations.On 18 April l961, the United Nations Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse and Immunities adopted the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, hereafter called the â€Å"Vienna Convention†, which codified the law on the subject (Salonga, J. & Yap, P. l966 p. 252). Diplomatic persons have been accorded since ancient times special privileges and immunities on the necessity of permitting free and unhampered exercise of diplomatic functions and of maintaining the dignity of the diplomatic repre sentative and the nation he represents.However, the Vienna Convention clearly expressed that those who enjoy the privileges and immunities have the duty to respect the laws of the host country. Although inadequate, diplomatic immunity provides a means to forestall active hostilities that might arise between nations. Discussions/Analysis The person of a diplomatic envoy is inviolable. A diplomatic agent, official family members and his administrative and technical staff may not be subpoenaed as a witness, arrested or detained, prosecuted and residence may not be entered subject to ordinary procedure.The United Nations Organizations and other international bodies also enjoy the right of legation and are accorded diplomatic immunity by receiving nations. Nonetheless, without prejudice to the privileges and immunities, diplomatic personnel are not exempt from legal responsibility for infractions committed under the local laws of the receiving country. For death and injury committed, the receiving country may request the sending nation to waive the immunity of a diplomatic agent. Gueorgui Makharadze, a deputy ambassador of the Republic of Goergia to the United States was convicted by the U. S.  for causing the death of a sixteen-year-old girl and wounding four others in a car accident.As a diplomat, he was released from custody, but the Georgian government waived his immunity when the U. S. government asked for it (Frieden, T. & the Associated Press 2000). Less grave offenses, however, are being dealt with administratively by the sending State as in the case of theft. Mexican embassy asked a Mexican press attachà © Rafael Quintero Curiel to tender his resignation upon arrival in Mexico City when he was caught through a surveillance video stealing blackberry PDA units from a White House press meeting room.He was caught up at the airport by the United States Secret Service and was about to leave. He claimed diplomatic immunity and left (. Rosen, James, Max Emanuel & the Associated Press). Exemption from taxation by the receiving State is held to be part of the â€Å"non-essential† prerogatives of diplomats, granted to them only as a matter of comity or courtesy. A diplomatic envoy however is not exempt from charges levied for specific services rendered. An example of this is the charge on cars entering central London. There are reports that diplomatic immunity has been used to avoid payment of traffic fines reaching to several million pounds.There are embassies who agreed to settle their accounts. Londoners welcome the move of the United Arab Emirates to settle  £99,950 of traffic fines and hope that the U. S. government will follow the move made by UAE (â€Å"Embassy to pay†). The premises occupied by a diplomatic mission are also inviolable. The agents of the receiving State may not enter such premises without the consent of the envoy, except in extreme cases of necessity such as when the premises are on fire or where there is imminent danger that a crime of violence is about to be perpetrated on the premises.Such premises cannot be entered or searched and neither can the records and archives be detained by local authorities even under process of law. Premises of global organizations are also inviolable. Recently, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) become the center of controversy when Geneva police entered the Geneva headquarters of the international patents agency to collect evidences in the alleged smear campaign against WIPO’s deputy head, Francis Gurry, following his complaint filed.The police authorities get rid of diplomatic immunity when they entered the premises of an international body to greet DNA samples from ten employees of the said organization as reported by the Tribune de Genà ¨ve. To allow the investigation to proceed, the Swiss government assented earlier to lift the diplomatic immunity from the 10 WIPO diplomats (Curtis, M. 2008). Diplomatic privileges and immunities may be waived, but as a rule, the waiver cannot be made by the individual concerned since such privileges and immunities are not personal to him.The waiver may be made only by the government of the sending State, in the case of UN International agencies; it is the member nations that could waive the immunity. Summary/Conclusion Diplomatic agents are entitled to privileges and immunities, such as: personal inviolability, inviolability of premises and archives, exemption from taxes and customs duties, exemption from local jurisdiction, etc. Privileges and immunities however, are not without limitations; envoys are not immune from legal liability.The host country may request the sending State expressed waiver of immunity or can declare persona non grata a diplomat or any member of his family who commit serious crime. Though immune from local laws, he can be recalled and prosecuted under his own country’s justice system. An envoy is immune from the criminal and saves i n certain cases, the civil jurisdiction of the receiving State for all acts, whether official or private. Thus he cannot be arrested, prosecuted and punished for any offense he may commit, unless his diplomatic immunity is waived.The procedure in cases where an envoy is guilty of a serious infraction of laws is to ask for his recall. Immunity from jurisdiction, however, does not mean exemption from the local law. It does not presuppose a right to violate any of the laws of the receiving State. They are not liable to be sued unless they submit to the jurisdiction. Diplomatic immunity does not signify immunity from legal liability but only exemption from local jurisdiction.

Coffee shop Essay

Java Culture coffee bar is determined to become a daily necessity for local coffee addicts, a place to dream of as you try to escape the daily stresses of life and just a comfortable place to meet your friends or to read a book, all in one. With the growing demand for high-quality gourmet coffee and great service, Java Culture will capitalize on its proximity to the University of Oregon campus to build a core group of repeat customers. Java Culture will offer its customers the best prepared coffee in the area that will be complimented with pastries, as well as free books that its patrons can read to enjoy their visit. The company will operate a 2,300 square foot coffee bar within a walking distance from the University of Oregon campus. The owners have secured this location through a three-year lease with an option for extending. The have also provided $140,000 of the required $170,000 start-up funds. The remaining capital will be obtained through Bank of America commercial loans. The company is expected to grow sales revenue from $584,000 in FY2001 to $706,000 in year three. As Java Culture will strive to maintain a 65% gross profit margin and reasonable operating expenses, it will see net profits grow from $100,000 to $125,000 during the same period. 1.1 Objectives. Java Culture’s objectives for the first year of operations are: Become selected as the â€Å"Best New Coffee Bar in the area† by the local restaurant guide. Turn in profits from the first month of operations. Maintain a 65% gross margin. 1.2 Keys to Success The keys to success will be: Store design that will be both visually attractive to customers, and designed for fast and efficient operations. Employee training to insure the best coffee preparation techniques. Marketing strategies aimed to build a solid base of loyal customers, as well as maximizing the sales of high margin products, such as espresso drinks. 1.3 Mission. Java Culture will make its best effort to create a unique place where customers can socialize with each other in a comfortable and relaxing environment while enjoying the best brewed coffee or espresso and pastries in town. We will be in the business of helping our customers to relieve their daily stresses by providing piece of mind through great ambience, convenient location, friendly customer service, and products of consistently high quality. Java Culture will invest its profits to increase the employee satisfaction while providing stable return to its shareholders. Company Summary. Java Culture, an Oregon limited liability company, sells coffee, other beverages and snacks in its 2,300 square feet premium coffee bar located near the University of Oregon campus. Java Culture’s major investors are Arthur Garfield and James Polk who cumulatively own over 70% of the company. The start-up loss of the company is assumed in the amount of $27,680. 2.1 Company Ownership. Java Culture is registered as a Limited Liability Corporation in the state of Oregon. Arthur Garfield owns 51% of the company. His cousin, James Polk, as well as Megan Flanigan and Todd Barkley hold minority stakes in Java Culture, LLC. 2.2 Company Locations and Facilities Java Culture coffee bar will be located on the ground floor of the commercial building at the corner of West 13th Avenue and Patterson Street in Eugene, OR. The company has secured a one-year lease of the vacant 2,500 square feet premises previously occupied by a hair salon. The lease contract has an option of renewal for three years at a fixed rate that Java Culture will execute depending on the financial strength of its business. The floor plan will include a 200 square feet back office and a 2,300 square feet coffee bar, which will include a seating area with 15 tables, a kitchen, storage area and two bathrooms. The space in the coffee bar will be approximately distributed the following way–1,260 square feet (i.e., 55% of the total) for the seating area, 600 square feet (26%) for the production area, and the remaining 440 square feet (19%) for the customer service area. This property is located in a commercial area within a walking distance from the University of Oregon campus on the corner of a major thoroughfare connecting affluent South Eugene neighborhood with the busy downtown commercial area. The commercially zoned premises have the necessary water and electricity hookups and will require only minor remodeling to accommodate the espresso bar, kitchen and storage area. The coffee bar’s open and clean interior design with modern wooden decor will convey the quality of the served beverages and snacks, and will be in-line with the establishment’s positioning as an eclectic place where people can relax and enjoy their cup of coffee. The clear window displays, through which passerby will be able to see customers enjoying their beverages, and outside electric signs will be aimed to grab the attention of the customer traffic. Products Java Culture will offer its customers the best tasting coffee beverages in the area. This will be achieved by using high-quality ingredients and strictly following preparation guidelines. The store layout, menu listings and marketing activities will be focused on maximizing the sales of higher margin espresso drinks. Along with the espresso drinks, brewed coffee and teas, as well as some refreshment beverages, will be sold in the coffee bar. Java Culture will also offer its clients pastries, small salads and sandwiches. For the gourmet clientele that prefers to prepare its coffee at home, Java Culture will also be selling coffee beans. The menu offerings will be supplemented by free books and magazines that customers can read inside the coffee bar. 3.1 Product Description. The menu of the Java Culture coffee bar will be built around espresso-based coffee drinks such as lattes, mochas, cappuccinos, etc. Each of the espresso-based drinks will be offered with whole, skimmed, or soy milk. Each of these coffee beverages is based on a ‘shot’ of espresso, which is prepared in the espresso machine by forcing heated water through ground coffee at high pressure. Such espresso shots are combined with steamed milk and/or other additives like cocoa, caramel, etc., to prepare the espresso-based beverages. Proper preparation techniques are of paramount importance for such drinks. A minor deviation from the amount of coffee in the shot, the size of the coffee particles, the temperature of milk, etc., can negatively affect the quality of the prepared drink. 3.2 Sales Literature.

Automobiles in Short Fiction

Cars as symbols (freedom, false values, power) in stories by Louise Erdrich (Red Convertible), Flannery OConnor (Good Man Is Hard to Find) John Steinbeck (Chrysanthemums). The automobile is both a means of transportation and a symbol of American freedom, and it is used as a symbol of various aspects of American society by different authors. It becomes an explicit statement of freedom and a symbol of false American values in a story by Louise Erdrich, while its freedom is false in a story by Flannery OConnor. John Steinbeck makes use of the automobile as a metaphor for control and power in The Chrysanthemums. In The Red Convertible by Louise Erdrich, the automobile of the title becomes a central symbol for the relationship between the two Chippewa brothers and for the relationship of the American Indian to the modern world. The story subtly evokes ideas and attitudes about the plight of the Native American without actually addressing these issues overtly. The narrator

Crosby Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crosby - Case Study Example Livingston assured that he would be monitoring the entire project and would be organising meetings for feedback. Discussion whether or not Livingston's selection of Emary as project manager was a mistake Tim Emary had expertise in the areas of scheduling and he was a competent planner. However he did not belong to any of the departments like the EDP department, the functional department or the project management departments. Thus, the instance becomes an unusual one where the project manager does not come from these departments and hence problem may arise. The problem behind selection of Emary was that he might not be able to deal with the problems that the company may come across while the project is on. If someone from these departments had been appointed these problems would not have occurred and hence appointing the right person for the management of projects is essential. In every project, a hierarchy is maintained in the management which depends on the project size, the sub pro jects under each project and different individuals would be required to do the supervise these undertakings. Now for each segment of the project different project managers should be employed who have their specific skills. But in this particular case a unique project manager is appointed and hence he may not be able to deliver and monitor so many tasks at the same time. Even if he had expertise in all the areas like computers or EDP or other functions it might have been feasible but Livingston himself admitted that he knew nothing about any of the segments of the project and hence his appointment is basically unfavourable for the successful execution of the project. Livingston should have appointed someone who had experience and basic knowledge about computers, MIS or EDP as well as good in delivering projects on time. The possible reaction of the functional employees to the appointment of Emary as project manager The functional employees would naturally react adversely to this situ ation. They would feel less motivated to work in the project because of this new entrant in the entire project scenario. They would be less committed to the duties that they would be assigned. However, they would not contradict the decision that their president has imposed on them but they might start non cooperation in their daily work and might dishonour the instructions that Emary might put to them. Slowly this will result in the deterioration of the quality of the project. Since Emary has been brought into the project as a scheduler and an expert in delivering projects on time, the employees might try to find out ways to make the pace in which the project is taking place sluggish only to prove in an indirect way that the president’s decision was wrong. They might also waste resources or not properly utilise the resources to make the project costly with the same motive in their minds. However, this kind of insufficiency in a project that is high-value can be expensive for the company both financially as well as the long lost reputation that the company aims at regaining. Impact of cost and time constraints on networking techniques and project schedules Execution of a high value project requires implementation of proper networking techniques like PERT, CPM etc. in order to schedule the entire activity in a time based way and find of the

Policy Made and Implemented in Criminal Justice Essay

Policy Made and Implemented in Criminal Justice - Essay Example The criminal system is based on the creation of laws, the adjudication of these laws through the courts, and the implementation of correctional processes for various transgressions (Fuller, 2005). An offender would have an initial contact with the criminal system through the police officers, who are the primary enforcers of the laws (Fuller, 2005). These officers are usually also tasked with the investigation of violations of the law and the arrest of suspected or known offenders. As arresting officers, they may sometimes be supported by federal officers, especially where suspects cross state lines or pose a more significant danger to a larger population or territory (Fuller, 2005). Where necessary, the law enforcement agencies, as well as the police officers have the power to apply force and other means in order to serve arrest warrants and ensure public safety (Hanes and Hanes, 2005). Once the criminal offender or suspect is arrested, the criminal court systems are next involved in the criminal justice system. ... In the US, the adversarial system is being; this is where both parties are given the opportunity to present their side before the courts (Friedman, 1993). The case is then awarded to the party who makes the most compelling argument based on legal provisions. The prosecutors bring about charges against individuals or corporate entities for violations of the criminal laws (Friedman, 1993). It is their duty to prove that a crime has been committed by the accused party. On the other side, the defense attorney refutes the evidence presented against the accused and establishes the accused party’s defense (Walker, 1980). The final adjudication is then made by a third party – a judge or a jury. Where the accused party admits guilt, the process would be shorter and the judgment is rendered immediately by the judge. Plea bargaining is also often arranged between the parties in order to establish a compromise while still ensuring that the interes ts of criminal justice are served (Fuller, 2005). After sentencing is carried out by the judge or the jury, the decision is then imposed. For guilty parties, punishment is often based on the offense committed. Punishment often comes in the form of imprisonment or executions with or without corresponding fines and damages. Parole or probation arrangements may be imposed based on the judges’ discretion according to the set circumstances involved (Fuller, 2005). After time served, the criminal is usually released to the general population however, general restrictions may still be imposed on them, including regular reporting to their probation officer, loss of voting privileges, an imposition of fines, and for sexual offenders, inclusion in a sexual offender database (Chambliss, 2001).  

Loss in Baldwins Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Loss in Baldwins Music - Essay Example As the discussion highlights the reason why music is represented is his brother was jazz musician and his life takes a turn once he gets addicted to drugs. The story The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Hijuelo is almost similar to that of Baldwin’s. The stories are similar in many ways, as this story also revolves around a musician and his losses in life. In this story, Castillo, the main character loses his friends, brother and collaborators of his band. The loss is personal and similar to the one that Baldwin faces. Music plays a major role in this novel too, as Castillo is one of the most renowned musicians of the band, Mambo Kings. This paper outlines that when comparing these two novels, it is certain that music has been used as a toll to represent their loss in life. The next story, Accordion Crimes by Annie Proulx revolves around the instrument which survives for a longer period of time. This instrument’s journey is certainly remarkable, but the saddest part is the death of people who acquire the instrument. When compared to the other two stories, Accordion Crimes describes about the loss of people who sacrifice their life for the sake of music. The experience is societal, as many people, irrespective of their caste and creed are involved in this journey.

Library Assignment - Case Scenario Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Library Assignment - Scenario - Case Study Example Usually the management of a majority of health care institutions does not allow the nursing staff to take part in the important decision or in almost all the decisions. These decisions usually have significant impact on the future of nursing staff as well as the health care institutions. Under such circumstances when the nursing staff does not have power for contributing to the decisions that are related to them and their future, they usually end up feeling powerless. There are various sources from which nurses may obtain their power. First one is the requisite structure of the workplace that helps in supporting empowerment. The second source through which power can be found is by believing in ourselves and in our ability to get empowered. The third one is when the management makes nurses realize about the power that this occupation holds and relationship through which they provide care and affection to their patients. The research present on nursing demonstrates the relationship between two of the discussed sources of power. Yet there is still the need for conducting more research which discusses the ways of empowering the nurses. Granting the nursing staff the responsibilities of a decision maker may also make them empowered and as a result they may effectively identify the course of action and then take measures accordingly (Heathfield, 2013). There are several ways through which Nancy can make the staff to become empowered. Nancy must make the nursing staff feel that they are valued. Her intentions for the staff must be demonstrated through her word as well as her actions. Nancy should appreciate the hard work of the staff and share her leadership vision with them. Another action that Nancy must take to empower the employees is that they she should encourage them to contribute new ideas for the development of the hospital. For example, she may discuss with the staff the area of weakness that she has been noticing lately and then ask them to contribute

How the life and personal qualities of Harry Bridges can inspire us to Scholarship Essay

How the life and personal qualities of Harry Bridges can inspire us to achieve our goals today - Scholarship Essay Example After completing school, Bridges declined to enter his father’s real estate business, choosing to be a merchant seaman at 16. In 1920, Bridges entered the USA, and became a longshoreman at San Francisco in 1922. Bridges protested against the stranglehold of the ship owners through the company-controlled Longshoremens Association of San Francisco and the Bay Region (the Blue Book Union). Speedups, arbitrary dismissals, blacklisting of militant workers, low wages, long hours and dangerous working conditions were endemic on the docks. Bridges earned support among the longshoremen for the revival of the local of the International Longshoremen’s Association, advocating "Organization...rank and file control... unity of action... union democracy... solidarity among all Coast ports... among all unions,† (ILWU website). The local ILA was formed in 1933. Despite pressure from the Roosevelt administration, theories of a communist conspiracy and media opposition, the 1934 Wes t Coast Longshore Strike began on May 9, with Bridges as the chairman of the Strike Committee. Bridges formed a coalition of all waterfront workers and effectively stopped shipping on the West Coast. On July 5, "Bloody Thursday," the police charged the workers picket lines, shooting into the ranks of unarmed men, and wounded over one hundred men. Two men were killed. This led to a general strike and finally, arbitration commenced, with the unions successfully negotiating joint hiring-halls, a thirty hour week, higher wages, union recognition and coast-wide contracts. In 1937, Bridges founded the ILWU, serving as President for 40 years. Bridges life was characterized by a shining integrity which one cannot fail to admire. He remained steadfast in his loyalty to his fellow-workers, insisting that the salary of all union officials be the same as that of a longshoreman’s wages. His tactics are a shining example of the adage ‘United we stand,

Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Essay

Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis - Essay Example The article makes use of concepts derived socio-technical theory as well as the role theory in an attempt to show the relationship between technostress and productivity. In the article, CFA and EFA approaches are applied in investigating the theoretical constructs and the factors represented in the study about the relationship between technostress and human productivity (Chilton, Hardgrave, & and Armstrong, 2005). The two approaches enhance the hypothesis that the factors used are correlated. Three hypotheses are thus developed. In hypothesis 1, stress comes out as people try to respond to various factors. Hypothesis 2 depicts stress as correlated to the roles of individuals within organizations. Hypothesis 3 also shows a correlation between technology and organization roles (Tarafdar, Nathan, & Ragu-Nathan, 2007). The two approaches are used in accessing the quality of every item used in the study. Both the CFA and the EFA are applied for both confirmatory and exploratory purposes. This aspect is seen in the three hypotheses, which address the three variables differently. While EFA and CFA are seen to have several similarities in their statistical applications, they greatly contrast in certain ways as well. The use of EFA required that a decision is made on the number of factors applied through an examination of the output from an analysis of principal component (Nygaard & Dahlstrom, 2002). For the article, a five-factor structure is first established to analyze the items. Conversely, the use of CFA requires a specification of the number of factors before the analysis. (Tarafdar, Nathan, & Ragu-Nathan, 2007) Again, the CFA involve the specification of a particular factor structure with an indication of the factor on which each item would load while in the case of EFA, all items load all the factors. In estimating factor loading, maximum likelihood is used, but

Critically evaluate theoretical explanations of motivation that we Essay - 1

Critically evaluate theoretical explanations of motivation that we have learnt about in this module week 4 lecture - Essay Example tors within an individual and the environment in ways that determine the nature of outcomes and the level of attachment between the agent and the task. Content theories are concerned with the causative agents of behavior. The humanist theory explores the subject of motivation alongside Maslow’s theory of needs. The processes of motivation, according to the theory depend on the sequential pursuit of needs in accordance with the hierarchy determined by Maslow (1970). Understanding of humanist needs must begin with the comprehension of the processes of adjustment, which takes place whenever some form of inequilibrium occurs. In general, such processes entail a determination of a range of issues that affect the state of equilibrium of needs. Essentially, groups and individuals will seek to adjust themselves and situations around them in ways that minimize the effects of stress. Motivation, in the sense of humanist theory, is understood as some kind of kinetic force the offers the necessary propulsion in an individual or a group towards the attainment of some specified goals, which are consistent with their needs (Ahlstrom & Bruton, 2009, p. 61). One of the characteristics of motivation is that it seeks the determination of goals based on the particular needs of the individual. The pursuit of motivation is considered a subject endeavor arising out of the unique needs of the individual (Miner, 2007, p. 40). For instance, an individual aspiring to attain a certain level of professional competence will invest more efforts in training and practical experience in a consistent and orderly manner. On this score, it becomes appropriate to consider the fact that some of the goals achieved through the efforts as understood within the humanist theory are suited for particular motives and limited to certain subjective interests. In essence, the humanist needs work in such a manner that individuals will seek to satisfy some pressing basic needs before focusing on other kinds of

Public image and social status Essay Example for Free

Public image and social status Essay As we can see, the two generations react differently to questioning by the Inspector. Mr. and Mrs. Birling are at first indignant and resistant to the Inspectors queries, and when they learn what is going on fully they rack their brains for a solution to the problem that has arisen, namely that the family name will be publicly disgraced and that they may lose custom at the office, resulting in a degradation of their lifestyle, public image and social status. However, Eric and Sheila show totally different reactions to Mr. and Mrs. Birling, when the Inspector questions them. Both members of the younger tell the truth to the Inspector, and both are, at one time or another, strong advocates of the truth, believing that repentance for their collective crimes is by far more important than saving face in public. Throughout the whole play, Sheila encourages the entire family to tell the truth and admit their crimes. Eric, in turn, tells the truth and advocates acceptance of the truth and repentance once the Inspector has left. The two different generation groups show different reactions to the incident, and neither can understand the mentality of the other when it comes to the way they deal with the situation after the Inspector leaves. After the Inspector leaves, the Birlings and Gerald discover that Inspector Goole was not a real Inspector at all, but a fake. Mr. and Mrs. Birling and Gerald are overjoyed when they discover that they are not in jeopardy of being linked to the untimely death of a young girl, but Eric and Sheila maintain that this turn of events changes nothing, they should be sorry for the actions they have taken and learn from the events that transpired that evening. Then, on the last page of the text and in the last few seconds of the play, there is a telephone call to tell the Birlings that a girl has just died in the infirmary and an inspector is on his way to visit them. This could lead the audience to think that perhaps the Inspector was an anthropomorphic personification of the collective consciences of the Birlings and Gerald, who was sent to the Birlings to teach them their lesson before it was too late. During this saving of the Birlings we learn that it is the younger generation who, contrary to popular belief, are accepting of their wrongdoing and prepared to change and learn from this event, whether its repercussions reached as far as degrading their lives or not. However, the older generation, who may normally be expected to act as the younger generation have, refuse to accept responsibility for their own actions and are only concerned with maintaining the lifestyle they have carved out for themselves, whether it remains spiritually and conscientiously empty or not. For a full and true understanding of An Inspector Calls, one must first have a knowledge and understanding of how the dates of the play (the date it was set, the date it was first shown, and the dates of major world events that occurred between the time of its setting and the time of its first showing) are all inextricably linked, and combine to magnify the impact of the message Priestley is trying to convey to his audience. It would be sensible to assume that the Inspector in the play represents Priestley himself, as the morals and values exhibited by the Inspector reflect Priestleys own; they both believe that all people should be treated as equals, for example. The representation of Priestleys political and philosophical opinions in the play is reinforced in the younger generation (Gerald and Sheila Birling) as they both exhibit a preference for social responsibility and care towards fellow humans. Conversely, Mr. Birling brings together all of the personality traits and attitudes that Priestley so hated and fervently campaigned against, the arrogance of those left over from the Old Edwardian era, the perception of we, the rich and they, the poor, and the unwavering confidence that this state of affairs could never change, coupled with an inability to see any possible breakdown of this system. This character profile and viewpoint is backed up by Mrs. Birling who shares Mr. Birlings views, and provides a supporting role to reinforce the contrast between the Inspector/Priestleys Socialist views and the Edwardian upper-class views of Mr. and Mrs. Birling. The diametrically opposed views and personalities of these two characters in itself would be enough to highlight just how strong Priestleys views are, but this is coupled with a superb manipulation of the timing of the plays setting and first showing. The play was written in 1944-45, first shown in Moscow in 1945 and in London in 1946, and was set in 1912. In the first act of the play, Mr. Birling makes an impassioned speech that details his political views and makes several statements in the aforementioned arrogance of his peer group; namely, that there will be no war Just because the Kaiser makes a speech or two; the Titanic is unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable; that all the fuss about the Labour party will have blown over; and that Russia . . . will always be behindhand. These statements, in the intervening years between the date of the plays setting and the date of the plays showing, prove to be wholly inaccurate. Two World Wars have broken out, both heavily involving the Germans, the Titanic has sunk after a collision with an iceberg, the Labour party has been voted in several times and will have continued success even though the war is won under a Conservative Churchill, and Russia will become a great 20th Century world power and birthplace of fabulous wealth due to its abundance of natural resources. As well as Mr. Birlings predictions for the future being dashed to pieces by world events of the next 20 years, his very philosophies on how society should operate were proven to be outdated and incompatible with modern life by the new Socialist movement. The twelve years between 1906 and 1918 proved to be the turning point that defined our current political system in this country and the advent of the nanny state. In this period the vote for parliamentary elections was rolled out to all persons aged 18 and over, education became compulsory up to the age of 12, and the Social Security system was founded, providing pensions and unemployment for people who needed them. Granted, these systems were not perfect, but this interlinked lattice of world events, the socialist movement, and the timing of the play serves to make Priestleys point just as eloquently and effectively as the play itself does.

Premarital sex Essay Essay Example for Free

Premarital sex Essay Essay Our fathers understood that sex was a blessed experience made only for married couples as a way to express their love and desire for each other. However, our youths today think of sex as a fun-thing; they have the belief that it is okay to have sex with who ever one is having a relationship with, and youths engage in several relationships before deciding to settle down. Yet, our fathers were right with their opinion about sex; sex should be a blessed ordeal and not a fun thing. Youths should try and preserve themselves for marriage, but in a situation where a person cannot hold himself he should then try and protect himself by using a condom because of the effect that unprotected sex would have on him. One of the major effects of unprotected sex is the risk of the female getting pregnant. In some situation the youths involved might not be ready to raise a child yet, and with the female getting pregnant they have problems deciding on what to do. The man might decide to deny being the father of the baby and puts down the woman. This leaves her with the decision of either aborting the child, raising the child as a single mother or dumping the child off anywhere. Each of these three choices is not to the best interest of the child. If the mother aborts the child that means she has taken the life of a human being, and it doesnt matter if the child is unborn yet or not the child has the right to his life. Even if the mother succeeds in aborting the child she may encounter some complications in the process, and this may affect her later life when she will finally decide to get married and have kids. Another dire option is to dump the child. Some mums dump their kids off in trash, in front of people front doors or at the motherless baby centers. There was even this case of a woman trying to flush down her baby down the toilet; the neighbors heard the baby crying as if it was drowning they called the police, but when the police arrived the child was already dead and the mother too because she killed herself. The best of the three options is the mother raising the child as a single parent, but this is also not a very good idea knowing that no child would want to grow up without his father, at least I know I dont. Also some of  the kids who turn out to be a menace to the society fall in the group of kids raised by a single parent. This is because the parent may not have enough time to spend with the child since she has to work a great amount of time so as to provide both of their necessities and to pay bills; the child therefore spends more time with friends and on the streets since he is not being monitored by his parent. All these are caused because of one small mistake; having sex unprotected. In many American Universities college students engage in unprotected sex, but most of them are not conscious of the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Among college students who live away from home, 56 percent had been sexually active while attending college, and 73 percent of that group reported having unprotected sex while in college, says the survey by the Society for Adolescent Medicine. (http://www.healthfinder.gov/news/newsstory.asp?docID=514693). From the above survey it means that youths in colleges who engage in sex have high risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. These students are very well exposed to these diseases because they would have the tendency of having intercourse with several people due to the fact that they converge in an enclosed environment, and also peer pressure. The female involved may also get pregnant and would have to drop out of school and get a job so as to earn some money to take care of her and her kid. Unprotected sex can also result to early marriage. When a female conceives after having sexual intercourse, the couple involved may decide to get married and raise the baby together, but things dont always turn out well after the marriage; these couples may not know themselves too well. In the event of the marriage they might find out different sides of the opposite person that they dont like, and they may finally break up. This doesnt go to the betterment of the child either because he may end up being raised by a single parent and deprived of the other. All these dreadful things can be avoided by merely abstaining from sex till one is married, but when the urge to have sex cannot be overcome then the person involved should use a condom to protect himself.

What is a Good Life?

What is a Good Life? Human beings have an inherent drive and passion for finding absolution in what they deem the good life. For decades however, philosophers have struggled to argue a solid case for such. It can be suggested that many facets work in unison to allow a good life, but what is it that could give a unified answer to this great philosophical question? This essay will attempt to clarify such uncertainty, considering two perspectives of the good life. Firstly, are there any characteristics, needs, abilities and sorted other elements that are shared by all humans? Secondly, if there are elements which exist, then what do these require the good life to include, or what must the good life be like, given the properties we all share? To attain the answers to these questions, reference will be given to Natural Law, Virtue Theory, Eudaemonia and happiness. We are all striving towards it, the good life, happiness, well-being, a well-lived life, fulfilment. But what is it that makes us feel good? Though difficult to give a comprehensible definition, goodness is generally referred to as specific traits or properties of a real object or set of objects. More so, the concept of goodness can be divided into other, subsidiary concepts (Goodness and Value Theory, 2004). That is, a series of events which lead to innate goodness. In essence, both are deemed circular and leave no meaningful definition for discussion. The good life is a condition in which a person will be the most happy. Such happiness can be researched through a deductive perspective, which has been done by many philosophers over time (Wernqvist, 2007). Two such philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, deem the good life as the state in which a person exhibits total virtue. Throughout this essay, their works will be compared and contrasted to give clear argument to the meaning a good life for humans. Humans, their characteristics and their activities can be evaluated in relation to the parts they play in human life (Meyers-Levy, 2009). Alternatively saying, that every facet of human life can contribute to what is deemed good. Humans, being a subject of creation, ultimately entail goodness. Such a life is one in which actions someone does and feels leads to what is otherwise known as happiness. Such happiness is neither just an experience; nor is it found as a result of following moral laws. Rather, happiness is an activity. It is the events of the individual which lead to the life of good. INSERT REFERENCE Over time, philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle have tried to highlight the concept of goodness by defending various accounts. Such accounts do not require that a person who is well off merely experience any feelings of happiness or satisfaction. What they do require is that their desires are consciously fulfilled, which does not come down to the same thing (Angner, 2009). Plato argues that a person will exhibit total virtue when their desires have been quenched (Cooper and Hutchison, 1997), while Aristotle believes the perfect state of the individual will bring their ultimate virtue (Solomon, 1984). Cooper and Hutchinson (1997) write that Platos argument for the good life is stemmed from love because through this, individuals can rid themselves of desires. That is, love is actually the quest for that good. Aristotle argues that the good life is different for each individual because it comes from living ones life according to ones virtues, and each person has different virtues (Solomon, 1984). Through analysis of their works, both Plato and Aristotle agree the good life is a demonstration of perfect virtue. However, they disagree on the particular definition of virtue and its relationship to happiness. Therefore, both disagree on the ways of attaining such happiness. Plato sees the good life as being attained through the perfect love and lack of desire (Cooper and Hutchinson, 1997), while Aristotle believes that the good life is achieved through a perfect state which causes its citizens to act upon their virtues (Solomon, 1984). The original Platonic view of the world, (cited Cooper and Hutchinson, 1997) is that it is a two tiered place, the upper tier being the world of perfection, the lower tier being the world of reality, and love falling somewhere in between. The theory is that the plane of reality is an imperfect copy of the plane of perfection. According to the Platonic view, humans only see glimpses of the good while existing in the plane of reality. Plato believes that love is the midpoint between reality and perfection, mortality and immortality. Love does not fall into the sphere of immortals and perfection because how could love be a god if he is not in possession of beautiful and good things? Since Love is the love of beautiful things, Love must have desires and therefore cannot be a god Yet Love is greater than mortals because love has and always will exist. Thus Love is a great spirit, a halfway point between the realms of existence (Cooper and Hutchinson, 1997). To Plato, the good life is one in which a person is exhibits perfect virtue and is therefore closer to the higher realm of existence. Virtue is comes from the absence of desires, so true happiness means being satisfied to the point one does not have desires. This satisfaction and happiness occur when a person arrives at the mystical understanding of the world (Cooper and Hutchinson, 1997). According to Plato, through Diotima and Socrates dialogue, love is the medium in which humans will attain the knowledge of the good, and come upon this understanding. It is human nature to seek out happiness, and ownership of good things makes one happy. (Cooper and Hutchinson, 1997). Solomon (1984) illustrates that in order to show that happiness lies in virtue, Aristotle first splits forms of the good into three parts, external goods, goods of the body, and goods of the soul. He goes on to say that goods of the soul (virtues) are the most important because with them, a person can gain material wealth and pleasure. Aristotle defines happiness and therefore the good life as the realisation and perfect exercise of excellence. This is subsequently referred to as Eudaemonia. Aristotles view of such is typically regarded as an objective account of well-being. Nonetheless, subjective stances do evidently play some role in well-being even according to Aristotle (Phillips, 2005). This is where the existence of goodness becomes a subjective account, because it describes a persons well-being as a function of his or her feelings, experiences, desires, and so on, thus making it a conscious attribute of human life. From a basic Greek translation, Eudaemonia is that of supreme life with fulfilment and happiness, identified after ones death. Such life is built of variable actions of excellence which are both intrinsic and extrinsic in their nature (Urmson, 1988). Recognised, are three types of excellence by Aristotle. They are Bodily excellence, the excellence of Character and the excellence of Intelligence. Two of these excellences (character and intellect) fall within the realm of human choice and rationalism. Bodily excellence is paramount to Eudaemonia, however exhibits little reference in this context (Urmson, 1988). There are also a number of influences that determine such excellence, often as a result of our actions through life. Controlled intrinsic actions are separated into two forms: the Moral and the Intellectual. The Moral includes ones courage, piety, fairness and equality. The other form is that of Intellectual influences which include ones fine mind, wisdom and intuition. In contrast are ones extrinsic actions, which are often uncontrollable. They include our appearance, friends in high places (social connections) and wealth (Urmson, 1988). Our actions per sae can be defined as either a chain; those actions that help you attain an end which in turn leads to a further end or as a direct result; which is an action that helps you attain an end in itself. For supreme fulfilment, these actions work in unison with one another (Urmson, 1988). It is through such, as detailed by Urmson (1988) that happiness and fulfilment is an objective good, as opposed to a subjective state of living. This is not conditional, but absolute (Solomon, 1984). This in layman terms means ultimate happiness occurs when a persons actions are all virtuous and have goals which are virtuous. It also implies that in order to live the good life, there must be no action which is unnecessary, but for the sake of virtue. This implies that the good life must be a universal goal because unless all people are perfectly virtuous, action must be taken to maintain virtue for those who are not virtuous. Take for example, ones ambition to become a Primary School Principal. It is through relevant studies and experience that the individual is able to achieve such a goal. Though there may be monetary benefits for holding such position, it is not something that would drive the individual to achieve. Their character and intelligence hold the greatest motivation for fulfilment. Such an example utilises Aristotles Eudaemonic theory of unison between chained and direct actions as well as the forms of excellence, as previously adhered to. Basing such a goal on pleasurable or political instincts, such as salary or power, is not a means by which Aristotle would deem leading a fulfilled Eudaemonic life. There are however three things that make men good and excellent; these are nature, habit and reason (Solomon, 1984). The road to happiness is through formation of habit and reason which create virtuous action, in addition to possessing a nature that compliments them. Both Plato and Aristotle see happiness as being virtuous, but disagree on the nature of virtue, causing their ideas to follow varied paths. They do however meet at key points. Plato sees happiness as being close to godliness. By living virtuously one can obtain this godliness (Cooper and Hutchinson, 1997). To Aristotle, happiness is the result of being virtuous because by being so, one obtains pleasure and external wealth (Solomon, 1984). Plato and Aristotle further agree that education is the means to attain virtue, but they disagree on how a person should be educated because of their differing views on the cause of virtue. According to Aristotle (Solomon, 1984), virtue comes from the agreement of the nature, habits and reason in a humans conscience. Therefore, Aristotle states that education should begin from birth and it should involve changing the childs habits and forming his reason so that their nature, habits and reason will align. Plato believes that virtue stems from an understanding of true Beauty, which exists only in the higher plane of the world. Thus Plato believes that education of a human being should begin when the child is ready to love another. Platos ideal education involves bringing a person along by having him experience different forms of love between people, so that he may begin to love physical beauty and then beauty of the mind. Through this he sees the beauty in all things and eventually, with guidance understands all forms of beauty, ultimately understanding formless beauty (Cooper and Hutchinson, 1997). Another key agreement between Plato and Aristotle is the importance of interpersonal relationships in the quest for the good life. Both agree that interpersonal relationships account for the education of individuals, but Aristotle goes further because he sees attaining the good life as societal. He recognizes that if one is forced to take action because of others misdeeds, he cannot lead the good life, and therefore each person must be equal to the next so that nobody has to act on account of another (Cooper and Hutchinson, 1997). Human happiness is the foremost concern for both Plato and Aristotle in their works of literature. Since happiness is almost a universal emotion their conclusions on the cause of happiness is similar. But, Plato and Aristotle are completely different individuals, so the causes of their happiness are, at the same time, completely different. In personal evaluation, I am inclined to side with Aristotles point of view for ultimate fulfilment. It is through the result of actions of excellence (both direct and chained) that we can demonstrate our way of life. This in turn fortifies perceptions of us having led a fulfilled and happy life. If one opted to follow fulfilment through mere pleasurable circumstances, i.e. because the money is good, then in Aristotles eyes, their life would be one deemed lavish, suitable for beasts pulled by desire and compulsion. Happiness cannot be placed on material things. It is a matter of setting a goal and looking past the superficial things that stand in the way. It is therefore relevant to say that to lead a flourishing life, one needs to take ownership of the actions which lead to their lifelong goal. Actions often speak louder than words do. We as humans should do whatever it takes to produce the most fulfilment for ourselves. There is a distinct difference between feeling happy and merely being happy.

Free Essays - APA Style Sample -- APA

APA Style Sample      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   APA (American Psychological Association) style is primarily used in the social science disciplines. It is formatted like MLA, and shows many similarities, but is unique in several key points.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   APA uses parenthetical (or in-text) citations within sentences, but rather than indicating the author's name and page number, APA includes author's name and date of publication. The page number, represented with a p. or a pp., is only added to the citation when using a direct quote (not a summary or paraphrase). If the author's name is mentioned in the sentence, then place the date of publication in parentheses directly after the name. If the name is not mentioned include the author's name and date in parentheses at the end of the source material. And, if you use a direct quote, place the page number after the publication date within the parentheses. Note the difference between the following three examples:    Terrence (1999) has presented poignant examples from 150 interviews. Howeve...

John Keats To Autumn Essay -- John Keats Autumn Essays Poem Poetry

John Keats' "To Autumn" Life is a beautiful thing that should not be wasted. Life must be lived without warning; it is not to be taken for granted. We will never fully understand life, not even in a million years. The theme of John Keats' "To Autumn" is to enjoy life, even as you grow old and it begins to move away from you. He spreads his message through the time frame, imagery, and diction of the stanzas. To begin with, the time frame of the stanzas begins to prove the theme. By itself, it doesn?t prove the theme, but, when added with the imagery and diction, it gets the job done. The second and third proofs build off of the time frame. The time frame of the stanzas progresses through autumn and a day as a person?s life does. It shows that autumn and a day are being paralleled to a person?s life. The first stanza is set in early autumn and the morning. This is shown is passages from the poem. For example, season of mists and warm days will never cease show this time setting. Season of mists prove morning because mist forms in the early morning. Warm days will never cease proves early autumn because this is the hottest and most humid time of the year. The first stanza clearly takes place during the morning in early autumn, and those are paralleled to childhood in life. The second stanza is set in mid-autumn and the afternoon. This is evident in the poem. In example, while thy hook, gleaner, and on a half-reaped furrow sound asleep show the time frame is mid-autumn and afternoon. While thy hook and gleaner show mid-autumn because these quotes deal with the harvest, which happens in mid-autumn. On a half-reaped furrow sound asleep proves afternoon because the furrow is half-reaped, thus half way through the day, or the afternoon, and naps are usually taken during the afternoon hours. Obviously, the second stanza is set in the afternoon during mid-autumn. Mid-autumn and afternoon compare to adulthood in life. The third stanza is set in late autumn and the evening. The proof is in the poem. For instance, gathering swallows and hedge crickets sing prove the time frame is late autumn in the evening. Gathering swallows proves late autumn because that is the time when birds gather to migrate to warmer climates. Hedge crickets sing proves evening because crickets produce their patented sound in the evening hours. Certainly, the setting of stanza th... ...s fullest. The first stanza contains active imagery, while the second uses passive. The third stanza is expected to contain even more passive diction, but instead uses a mix of both active and passive. The active diction is used a little bit more. The diction in the third stanza is what makes this poem so great. If you add this proof to the first two, you get life slipping away as it progresses, with the individual being active even as he is dying. In other words, the person is enjoying his life as it slips into death?s hands, which is the theme of the poem. The theme of John Keats? ?To Autumn? is to live your life actively until darkness consumes your body. The time frame, imagery, and diction of the stanzas prove this. The time frame shows that life is progressing, while the imagery is paralleled to life being taken away from the individual. The diction proves that the person is active during childhood, passive during adulthood and slightly active during the elderly years of life. The proofs clearly show what the theme of the poem is, proving every part of it thoroughly. This was a wonderfully written poem, and it gives a great message that everyone should learn and live by. John Keats' To Autumn Essay -- John Keats Autumn Essays Poem Poetry John Keats' "To Autumn" Life is a beautiful thing that should not be wasted. Life must be lived without warning; it is not to be taken for granted. We will never fully understand life, not even in a million years. The theme of John Keats' "To Autumn" is to enjoy life, even as you grow old and it begins to move away from you. He spreads his message through the time frame, imagery, and diction of the stanzas. To begin with, the time frame of the stanzas begins to prove the theme. By itself, it doesn?t prove the theme, but, when added with the imagery and diction, it gets the job done. The second and third proofs build off of the time frame. The time frame of the stanzas progresses through autumn and a day as a person?s life does. It shows that autumn and a day are being paralleled to a person?s life. The first stanza is set in early autumn and the morning. This is shown is passages from the poem. For example, season of mists and warm days will never cease show this time setting. Season of mists prove morning because mist forms in the early morning. Warm days will never cease proves early autumn because this is the hottest and most humid time of the year. The first stanza clearly takes place during the morning in early autumn, and those are paralleled to childhood in life. The second stanza is set in mid-autumn and the afternoon. This is evident in the poem. In example, while thy hook, gleaner, and on a half-reaped furrow sound asleep show the time frame is mid-autumn and afternoon. While thy hook and gleaner show mid-autumn because these quotes deal with the harvest, which happens in mid-autumn. On a half-reaped furrow sound asleep proves afternoon because the furrow is half-reaped, thus half way through the day, or the afternoon, and naps are usually taken during the afternoon hours. Obviously, the second stanza is set in the afternoon during mid-autumn. Mid-autumn and afternoon compare to adulthood in life. The third stanza is set in late autumn and the evening. The proof is in the poem. For instance, gathering swallows and hedge crickets sing prove the time frame is late autumn in the evening. Gathering swallows proves late autumn because that is the time when birds gather to migrate to warmer climates. Hedge crickets sing proves evening because crickets produce their patented sound in the evening hours. Certainly, the setting of stanza th... ...s fullest. The first stanza contains active imagery, while the second uses passive. The third stanza is expected to contain even more passive diction, but instead uses a mix of both active and passive. The active diction is used a little bit more. The diction in the third stanza is what makes this poem so great. If you add this proof to the first two, you get life slipping away as it progresses, with the individual being active even as he is dying. In other words, the person is enjoying his life as it slips into death?s hands, which is the theme of the poem. The theme of John Keats? ?To Autumn? is to live your life actively until darkness consumes your body. The time frame, imagery, and diction of the stanzas prove this. The time frame shows that life is progressing, while the imagery is paralleled to life being taken away from the individual. The diction proves that the person is active during childhood, passive during adulthood and slightly active during the elderly years of life. The proofs clearly show what the theme of the poem is, proving every part of it thoroughly. This was a wonderfully written poem, and it gives a great message that everyone should learn and live by.

Exploring Autism Essay example -- Health Disorders Research Essays Pap

Exploring Autism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Autism is a developmental disability of the brain, much like dyslexia, mental retardation, or attention deficit disorder. Autism is not a form of mental retardation, and though many autistic people appear to function as retarded, they are frequently quite intelligent. Approximately 15 of every 10,000 individuals and nearly 400,000 people in the United States today have some form of autism (Dowdy).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The word autism may actually refer to several similar disabilities, including Autistic Disorder, Aspergers Syndrome, and "Atypical" Autism. Atypical Autism is a type of Pervasive Developmental Disorder, not otherwise specified. Though there are some differences between these conditions, they are quite similar, and those who have them experience many of the same difficulties in life (All).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The symptoms of autism can vary widely from one individual to the next. Autism is referred to as a spectrum disorder because it ranges in severity across a wide range of conditions, like the colors of a rainbow. In addition, some people may be affected more by one symptom, while others may be affected more strongly by a different symptom. Also, some of the symptoms may have variable manifestations (Twachtman).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Autistic people tend to have unusual sensory experiences. These experiences may involve a sense being too sensitive, less sensitive than normal, and/or difficulty interpreting a sense. These experiences do not involve hallucinations; autistic people have sensory experience based on real experiences, like normal people, but the experience may feel or sound different. Sometimes, the autistic person may have difficulty interpreting the experience. No two autistic people appear to have the exact same pattern of sensory problems. It is not uncommon, for example, for an autistic person to avoid being touched. This is usually because of a heightened sense of touch. A gentle touch to most people may hurt or shock some autistic people. Others may experience confusion, due to difficulty interpreting the sensation or insufficient sensation reaching the brain to interpret (Dowdy). Another, not uncommon pattern is to have the strength of the sensation inverse from that of the stimulation, so that a gentle touch may feel like an electric shock, but firm contact may not be a problem. On the other hand, some autistic people may be insensit... ...e. Some autistic people are "savants," but most are not. Other autistic people are "gifted," however, and have high "general" intelligence. Many autistic people have normal intelligence, and some may be retarded (Twachtman). Autism is not an emotional problem. Autism is a neurological condition which people are usually born with. Psychological trauma doesn't cause it. Autism is not a psychosis or lack of reality contact. People do not choose to be autistic. Autism is not "a fate worse than death." Autistic people have some disadvantages, but some live very happy and rewarding lives. Many autistic people wouldn't want to be "cured," as this would be like erasing them and replacing them with different people. Works Cited 1.) Dowdy, Carol, et al. Teaching students with Exceptional Needs in Inclusive Settings Fourth Edition. United States: Pearson Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inc., 2004. 2.) Twachtman, Diane. A Passion to Believe: Autism and the Facilitated Communication Phenomenon. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997. 3.) Tustin, Frances. Autism and Childhood Psychosis. London: Karnac   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Books, 1999. 4.) "All About Autism." Autism Info. Autism Society of America. 25 Mar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2005.

Implementing Change

Implementing change in a department of organization can be difficult. Management must have a plan before implementing the change. The manager’s role and responsibility in implementing change within a department is very important. The manager’s role is to assess the change that needs to take place, come up with a plan to implement a change, implement the change, and evaluate the change in a timely order. To have a successful implementation of a new process, the manager must be involved in each step. The manager must keep the staff involved and let the staff know why the change is taking place and how it will affect the work process. The manager faces many challenges such as meeting the organizations goals and working with staff members who might resist the change. This paper will focus on the manager’s role and responsibility in implementing change, the way a manager should successfully handle staff resistance to change and define each step of the change process such as assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. When there is a change in the work process within the department, the manager’s role and responsibility is to make sure the implementation of the changes takes place smoothly with the help of the staff. According to Sullivan & Decker (2009), the manager must be able to communicate openly and honestly with the staff, support the staff if they are resisting the change, emphasize the positive outcomes from initiating change, find solutions to problems that are obstacles to change and accept the constancy of change. The manager must be able to identify the change, collect and analyze data, develop a plan, help the staff prepare for the change, prepare to handle resistance, provide feedback, and evaluate effectiveness of the change. The manager should involve the staff in the implementation of the new work process. According to Knoer (2011), communication is one of the most important tools that a leader must utilize to successfully implement. If the manager does not involve the staff, the staff might think their input is not important or their employment will be affected. This can lead to resistance from staff and have a negative affect in the department. The staff can give managers their input on what areas should be focused on and raise concerns that management might look over. By having the staff involved the manager can prevent them from resisting the change or have a better understanding of why the staff might be resisting and work on ways to lower the staff resistance. With change comes resistance. According to Fiedler (2010), resistance is considered to possibly have positive and/or negative impact on a change, and to be exerted by internal or external environments. The department manager must be able to successfully handle resistance from staff members. Some reasons why a staff member might resist the change is because he or she might not trust the manager, have a fear of failure, believe the change is unnecessary, staff may think if a certain change did not work in the past it will fail again, and the number one reason is the staff member might think he or she will lose their job. Resistance can also come in the form of poor work habits, not showing up to work on time, calling in sick, and lack of interest in the change. The department manager can manage resistance by talking to staff members who are opposed to the change. By talking to the staff, the manager will understand the staff’s concerns and clarify any misunderstanding. The manager must be willing to listen to the staff’s ideas but explain to the staff why the change needs to take place and the positive changes the implementation will bring to the department. The manager must keep open communication, support, and maintain trust of the resisting staff. A manager can be successful with resisting staff if he or she is flexible, confident, realistic, staying focused on the big picture, by combining ideas, energizing the resistors with interests, and solves problems. The change process should be taken in steps of assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The first step assessing the change requires collecting and analyzing important data. Assessing the department will help the manager learn what changes are needed, how to improve the quality of work, stay ahead of the competition, and how to approach the implementation. The plan is the second step and involves gathering the resources needed to implement the change. According to Lombardi & Schermerhorn, â€Å"planning is the process of setting performance objectives and determining what actions should be taken to accomplish them† (p. 7). By having a plan management can prevents mistakes and accidents from happening, without a plan the new change can become a chaos. Employees will be doing what they think is right and this can cause many problems between the staff and management. When management has a plan employees know what is expected of them and know how to achieve the depart ments goals. The next step is to implement the change, where the plan is put into action. The manager has to make sure the staff has the resources needed for the change. If the staff needs to be trained they should receive all trainings before the implementation of the change. This can help the manager keep employees focused and energized. The last step is the evaluation of the change. In this step the manager will evaluate the new step after a set amount of time. The evaluation allows the manger to see how the change has affected the department, whether the change is working, and meeting the goals required in the plan. When implementing change, the manager must knows his or her roles, responsibilities, and how to approach the staff. The manager should not decide what changes needs to take place without assessing the departments needs. The manager must take into consideration how the new change will affect the employees work process, productivity of the department, the morale of the department. Employees concerns should be taken into consideration as well as the expectation of resistance from some employees. At each phase of the change the manager must refer to the plan and must be able to evaluate the change in a timely manner. Implementing change can be difficult but if the manager follows the change process they will be successful.

A Linguistic Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address

Rhythm and elaborateness A linguistic Analysis of Obamas initiative Address Liilia Batluk Supervisor Stuart entertain School of Humanities Halmstad University Bachelors thesis in English de no mundane c at a timern My appreciations to my supervisor Stuart Foster for very sponsorful advice during the re attend. scheme In this test I sh solely analyze Barack Obamas beingness-class Address, January, 2009 from the vista of versatile lingual techniques. More particular(prenominal)ally, I shall propose and counselling on the judge use cartt that the composition of the legal transfer has an station to imprint a accord of the verbaliser unit and the audition in install to deliver the message.Moreover, the verbalizer maintains the atmosp here(predicate) of mavin check-to-end the delivery, so that the name and distri exactlye produces an nub when the auditory modality be amazes a co- root of it. My thesis testawork throwt withal discuss round aspects of persuasive strategies engaged in the computer do by from those dating ski bindingb wiz as coarse as quaint Greece to temporal handlings. The engage is to analyze how the practice session of a bite of linguistic approaches pull ins a barbarism which senses an savvy and co-op datetion amidst the public loud teller and the audition. Table of Contents Ac resideledgement Abstract .. . Introduction 1 2. Context historical, hea thenish and con positionrably-disposed comp unrivalednt . 4 2. 1 Social and cultural circumstance .. 5 2. 2 Historical/political circumstance . 6 3. Methodology 4. ornatenessal and linguistic strategies . 6 7 4. 1. The expenditure of ain deixis 8 4. 2. Rhythm 10 4. 3. proportionateness and read step to the fore . .13 4. . 1. Parallelism syntactical and lexical 15 4. 3. 2. Parallelism and puzzlening rhyme .. 16 4. 4. Rhetoric lexical sterilise up for the think flip-flops . 17 4. 5. Citing opposite orators 19 4. 6. E lements of treatment .. .20 5. Conclusion .. 21 Works Cited . 23 Appendix 1. Introduction This es decl ars capture is to analyze Barack Obamas inaugural address Address, January, 2009 app prevarication various linguistic approaches.The linguistic devices employ in the linguistic communication communication testament be in condense in my research. It is a qualitative research, that is to say, the primary data is a verbal protocol, whose intertextuality in the aspects of gist and nub production provide be enkindlevas with the help of much(prenominal)(prenominal) approaches as heart analysis, critical theory and discourse analysis. I leave al match little discover to unf sometime(a) the in call forth(p) linguistic composition of various techniques lying in palm of semantics and grandiosity, diligent by Obama and argue that the coherent work of them produces the craved essence in the delivery of the message.A hot seatial Inaugural Address is a solemnity lin guistic communication, shape by a saucily elected hot seat of the ground forces, marking a rising pre stancential statusinal figure. The Oxford Guide to the unite States Government states that a speech sets the tactile property for the administration and that presidents usually assay champion and bipartisanship after what is any(prenominal) eras a divisive and bitingly presidential campaign ( commencement, death chairial). There atomic morsel 18 no regulations concerning the aloofness or issues of the speech, it is besides vocabulary which is condition by the Constitution.The richness of the English speak voice communication is diligent to produce the prototypic electric chairial do by to the res publica and the world, the speech which is in focus of the world-wide potty media. An inauguration solemnity fritter aways place at the Capitol on January, 20 and is usually attended by a magnanimous crowd, to which President speaks to. Presidents usually wi th run for a inc contestationd(p) text of the speech. Obama scrape unwraped to cave in learned his by heart and oft appealed to the audience in the form of t hotshot carrying into action interrupted by appla implement, which is bear witnessd in the transcript.The term performance, realised by Chomsky, exit be utilise in this paper since it de business bank n atomic number 53ates the dash the individual goes nearwhat use language (Mey 5). The term reflexes the issue that I leave analyze, that is to say, non exclusively the run-in utilise by the speaker as a lexical indicate, al unmatchable besides the tailground in which the speech is situated. Having been skill copiousy coordinated, they score the 1 performance that aims the delivery of the message. I go out focus on the morphologic and functional properties of the language, the combining of which enables the speaker to happen upon the closing of the performance.In chapter 2, I leave behind chisel in the historical and cultural circumstance in which the speech was make. Context is gear upd as component that form the setting for an decide, statement, or an imagi ground, and in terms of which it female genitalia be followabley unsounded (Oxford mental lexicon of English, background noun). Defining the term mount of use as dynamic, Mey states that it is round fellow randy state what things argon for it is similarly what possesss our utterance their professedly hardheaded plus (41). The context is vital for analysis of whatever speech, situationly do in public.I provide slew attention to the historical, cultural and companionable circumstances during the superior campaign, which preceded the Presidential address. In subchapter 2. 1, the cultural and social background of Obama entrust be described. During a presidential campaign, cardinal(prenominal) personal details of a prognosis whitethorn be strong they debate the electors p confabences and, possibly, expectations. A Presidents address, in turn, is based on audiences expectations. That is wherefore, I think, this aspect should be interpreted into account eon analyzing the speech.The historical/political context go out be introduced in subchapter 2. 2 and ordain be dedicate to the historical, political, economic and social aspects in the Statesn family, the complexity of which make it possible for a colored man to be add unitedly President of the USA for the elemental beat in the surface argonas hi legend. This subchapter wishwise provides tuition about certain features of AfroAmeri foot traditional dissertations, which, arguably, nominate influenced the presidents address. Chapter 3 describes methodology of this work, that is to say, put greenplace approaches in this research. 2Chapter 4 is use to the analysis of the speech from rhetorical and linguistic approaches. Since the address is a speech make in public, a rhetoric study, which is tigh tly linked to the use of linguistic devices, is worth(predicate) doing. Subchapter 4. 1 is centre on the use of personal deixis in the speech and their federal agency in aiming the delivery of the message. The choice of deixis, I pull up stakes state, is conservatively and skillfully do in order to cotton up or background particular objects, so that to get on them appearing in to a gravid extent or slight complaisant aspects. In subchapter 4. , I pull up stakes rearrange some commits from the speech into stanzas the structure of writing think to poesy which I begin to give nascency unanimous links in the address. Referring to theories in philology dealing with parallelism, instructive verse line, turn and poetical wheel I will try to assay the estimation that the speaker uses rhythm as a a wish welll for creating an emotionally gentle atmosphere and an easily memorized message in his performance. In subchapter 4. 3, the enjoyment of parallelism and foreground processing in the complex of the linguistic devices apply in the speech will be analyzed.They be the in any casels which strengthen or recrudesce objects in the chosen evoke, depending on the goal which the speaker sets up. The subchapter is divided into ii sub-subchapters, focused on syntactic and lexical forms of parallelism 4. 3. 1 and the relationship with head rhyme 4. 3. 2. Rhetoric will be in focus in chapter 4. 4, particularly, the lexical register which reflects the map to introduce extraverted swaps in the impertinently administrations pol pivotal.The attention will be drawn to the choice of nomenclature cogitate to the innovative projects, which appear to be as presumable as the change of coevalss. In his speech, Obama cites opposite famous orators twain directly and indirectly. Chapter 4. 5 draws parallels amongst some points in the address and speeches of Dr Martin Luther poove and Rabbi Joachim Prinz. 3 In the inaugural address, as so und up as in his other speeches, Obama uses pieces of pr for distri exclusivelyively oneing, which overhear al lay been noticed in mass media and academic studies.Chapter 4. 6 draws attention to the use of speech communication from the password, Afro-Ameri force out traditional sermon and the role of originalal al-Qaeda in political rhetoric in the USA. In chapter 5, I will connect the discussed issues on the linguistic devices employed in the speech, which aim to maximize the forcefulnessiveness of the delivery of the message. The banter on this pendent will be dedicateed here. Chapter 6 is the conclusion, where the analyzed aspects of various linguistic discourses will be summarized.I will purpose that their combination makes a meaningful character to the triumph of the speech made in public. 2. Context the historical, cultural and social circumstances The social and historical context forms a signifi apprizet role in to a bring low place entrapationing the messa ge of the speech and analyzing it. The term context is defined as those parts of a text previous and accompanying two particular passage, plentiful it a sum fuller or much diagnosable that if it were read in isolation. The context of all statement may be unders excessivelyd to comp leaven . . . he biographical, social, cultural, and historical circumstances in which it is made (including the intended audience or reader). (The Oxford lexicon of Literary Terms, context) In the following chapter I will describe the social and cultural aspects of the context preceding the performing of the Inaugural Address. 4 2. 1 Social and cultural background In November 2008, Barack Obama became the first Afri fag end the Statesn president in the history of the United States. His electoral victory was considered to be a discovery in the social and political aspects of the American society.He embodied the dream of millions of his fellow citizens to gain true, including Martin Luther King J r. , with whom Obama is frequently comp atomic number 18d and whose principles he maintains. BBC News stated that for many . . . Barack Obamas presidency will be the flood tide of Dr Kings dream (1). The humble solar mean solar day date beforehandhand the inauguration, Obama drew attention to the analogy when he helped to decorate a confederation project in capital of the United States in memory of Dr King and used his creative thinker for a deeper alikeness by maxim that we resolve that as we qualifying, we mustiness walk together.And as we go anterior in the work of re invigorateding the promise of this nation, surrenders have in mind Kings lesson that out separate dreams argon real one. (BBC News, 1) It is remarkable that, besides the position that Obama is biracial, religion is express not to suck played any particular role in his childhood, since his bugger off had no particular influence on him and his mother was an agnostical humanist, while the grand p atomic number 18nts who helped to raise him were not ghostlike (F. I. Greenstein, 209). The President re prefaces a large number of the Americans in the sense of his social and social background.Being apparition skinned, he was brought up by his white maternal grandp bents isolated from a a couple of(prenominal) days when he lived and attended primary school in Inthroughsia. Obama later wrote that, during his youth he experienced a variety of cultures in a climate of vernacular respect (capital of Hawaii Star-Bul permitin, 2007). here(predicate) could be mentioned the role of his wife, Michelle, a factual vocalism of the African American race in the electoral campaign, still nevertheless discussion of this is beyond the remit of this essay. 5 2. 2.Historical / political context The presidency of an African American person would probably not beat been possible a a couple of(prenominal) decades ago many populate claimed that they would never capture dreamed that th ey would see a dark skinned man seemly a president of the United States. Obama realizes this, having said that he is a son of a man who less than sixty years ago index not hasten been served at a local eating house (Obama, 5). A unseasoned coevals has enceinte up since Martin Luther King Jr. gathitherd millions of bulk for peaceful marching to uppercase in order to campaign for the akin rights for all races.The political situation is besides an definitive aspect of Obamas victory. The antecedent presidents administration knotted the country in a dumb war with Iraq, an unpopular war from which the country seems unable to extricate itself. Along with a military mission in Afghanistan, it has apostrophize an enormous amount of money to the valuate payers. On top of that, the deep ceding back in the deliverance, which started at the judgment of conviction of the election debates and which is said to be the worst one since the Great Depression, in a general under stan d up, damaged the popularity of the Republicans.A new, fresh face of a relatively materialisation candidate appe ard on the political stage at this heartbeat, who promised ameliorate instead of fighting. Not only did he promise changes, scarcely he as well spoke a language of young people, which associates with major advocator, opportunity and making new of import decisions (Capone, 2972). The candidate, Barack Obama, made a meteoric rise to depicted object pro tapnce (Greenstein, 206). 3. Methodology This essays research is qualitative and the speech will be analyzed by employing a number of theoretical approaches in the disciplines of semantics, pragmatics and rhetorical criticism.The use of various linguistic devices employed in the speech, which grant to the aim of any 6 speech and, particularly, a public one held by a politician, will be examined. Thus, the aim is to analyze the complexity of the devices in the context and the intertextuality, which means that all te xts are . . . serene of other (pre-existing) texts . . . held together in a state of constant inter live up to . . . hence all text exist in a state of partiality and inter-dependency with other texts (A Dictionary of Critical Theory, intertextuality).The format of C-essay does not present the opportunity to examine the whole speech from all possible approaches, hence, I will first analyze some excerpts from it in a framework of singular notions link to the theoretical basis of the above mentioned fields and then I will draw parallels between the notions. Roderick P. harts conceptions on modern rhetorical criticism and Jacob L. Meys on pragmatics issues will be widely considered while comp allowing the work on this paper. I will also disturb to a study on Barack Obamas South Carolina speech by A. Capone.The localized text of President-elect Barack Obamas Inaugural Address, as provided by the Presidential Inaugural Committee, is in the Appendix and referred to according to its n umbered pages. 4. rhetorical and Linguistic Strategies In his performance, Obama employs a complex of rhetorical and linguistic strategies, which allow the speaker to introduce and deliver the message in golden context. Analyzing rhetoric, hart says that human history has been create verbally by great persons authoring great orations for social betterment. Often, these great statements squander seemed more(prenominal) poetic than pragmatic, as satisfying to the heart as to the head(4).In order to distinguish a poem from a narrative story or any other example of message, I will try to utmost spot rhythm by employing a number of linguistic devices including metre and parallelism. Simpson defines metre as an organized variant of strong and low-cal syllables and 7 its repetition into a lawful phrasing across a line of compose (15). Stanza is a product of correspondence of and the length, metrical scheme and rhythmical pattern of the measure lines with those of at least one other much(prenominal) pigeonholing of verse lines in a poem (The aphoristic Oxford Companion to English Literature, stanza).An extensive use of pronouns we, our and us in combination with a particular lexical register aims to foreground the desired force play of unity and communication the speaker and the audience. 4. 1. The use of personal deixis deictic script expressions, jazzn as deixis, can be taken only in the context in which they are used. The word deictic derives from the Greek language and is used for pointing a subject. I will focus on the use of deixis employed in the speech which, I will argue, creates an effect of unity on one side and outsiders on the other.In his analysis of Obamas electoral speech, Capone foretells that a speaker is responsible for the positions or opinions advanced, but select not necessarily be the animator or flat the author (2967). He refers to Goffman for definitions of a principal in the legalistic sense, which involves imposing s elf-identification as we not I. (2967). By doing so, the speaker be stick withs a exemplar of the people (2967). This pattern of seemingly oral presentation on behalf of the audience is focused upon in the present chapter.The use of person deixis in the speech, in these circumstances, is worth investigating. Unlike his previous public performances, where Obama aimed to bring over the audience that he was the right candidate for the position of a congressman or, later, a president, here he is a victor and addressing his message from a position of Head of State. He, probably, does not need to put his personality in focus any longitudinal, but instead inescapably the support for his upcoming challenges. In this brass the pronoun I, which was used generously in Obamas previous 8 peeches, emerges only ternary times in his inaugural address in its arising I stand here today . . . I give thanks President Bush . . . at once I say to you . . . (Obama 1). The first person pronoun I does not appear any more in the performance. Obama favors the third person plural form pronouns we, us and our(s) in the rest of the speech the pronouns which play their significant role in creating a sense of unity of the speaker with the audience. We, us and our(s) are employed 61, 20 and 65 times respectively and are, probably, the nigh often used lyric of the speech.The speaker does not distance himself from the American people instead, boththing the president proclaims advertise seems to be issued by us the people of America. con sift to Capone, a political speech is in itself an description of the audiences feelings and necessitate that allow the audience to retrace its own intentionality while a politician reflexes them (2969) . The above mentioned pronouncements are employed as the inclusive ones finishedout the text.The speaker, in this case, is a member of the society to which he speaks. Whether he speaks of the previous strivements or the future plans, the or ator claims them to be a frequentality, which means that he shares righteousness for anything universe said with the audience. As a result, the audience seems to become a co-author of the speech, providing that they okay of it, and they do so by ordinary applause. Thus, the president speaks on behalf of the American people On this day we gather . . . we come to proclaim . . . The addresser has a message to his opponents, and the pronouns they, their, those and some are served as if to indicate a distance between the American people, of whose behalf Obama speaks , and those who head word the home of our the Americans ambitions (Obama 3) . The victory in the election, presumably, allows the new president to associate himself with the studyity of the nation and to look down at the cynics who fail to understand is that the ground has shifted below them (Obama 3).By bidfully chosen pronouns, the speaker foregrounds the Americans, whose ideas he articulates and backgrounds the rest, who let 9 forgotten what this country has already done (Obama 3). Having recurrent by then we and our dozens of times and created a panoramic picture of the nations achievements, the present state and the future challenges, Obama has little bother opposing and disparaging those who pick out leisure time over work, or hear only the pleasures of riches and fame ( Obama 2). 4. 2. Rhythm Among the complex of the devices that Obama operates in the speech, I will argue in the following sub-chapter, the rhythm plays a significant role. Rhythm ease ups to delivering the message in a most effective and agreeable musical mode. antique Greeks used didactic poetry, not as a literary genre but, quite a, to give instructions applying to it as being more easily remembered than prose (The elliptic Oxford Companion to Graeco-Roman Literature, didactic poetry). Moreover, poetry brings schmaltzy feelings which either thrusts disturbing thinkings or stresses them, depending on the context of the text.Words often spend a penny twice kernel and can be interpret differently. In poetry one can play with row employing their phonetic features, metaphors and sonic effect. In the following excerpt from the speech, the first line in the first quadruple stanzas (the fourth one, however, has a juncture and, which uncomplete disturbs the rhythm nor change the meaning) starts with the analogous idiom we will followed by a verb musical contrive. The other three lines follow the main idea expressed in the first one. They are similar both rhythmically and metrically.The brave out stanza is different in the structure and introverted, since the horizon veers from the main theme and then returns thitherto (Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), Parallelism, 2/4). kinda of starting, it finishes with the very(prenominal) structure we will followed by a verb set phrase. In the speech, a footmark of a poem emerges from time to time, both in terms of rhythm and melodio us contexts of the word related to nature (as the amorous poets would do) for describing 10 practical, moreover, technological purposes.I will try to rearrange an extract into stanzas, where each one (except the bideder one) incorporates of four lines and is, therefore, called quatrain (The Concise Oxford, stanza). The blend in stanza brings a conclusion and the move verse in the stanza sounds as if it were a locomote chord in a order of music We will build the roadstead and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that eat our employment and bind us together. We will mend science to its rightful place, and supervise engineerings wonders to raise health accusations quality and lower its cost.We will harness the sunbathe and the winds and the crap to sack our cars and run our factories. And we will change our schools, and colleges and universities to hit the requests of a new age. 11 completely this we can do. And all this we will do. (Obama 2) The sun and w inds are invoked to symbolise mans need for the nothing necessary to case the economy. Obama does not speak a prohibitionist language of economists he prefers the language of poets. Hart compares an orator a persuader with a poet being artistically creative.Both work with symbols to give out life into ideas and use their imaginations to engage their audiences imaginations (10). The meaning of each sentence rests beyond the unadulterated words it is metaphorical. Analysing arguments, Hart refers to Toulmins work, applying to the term major claims as a) the broadest, most cover, statements made by the speaker, b) guile at the train of abstraction higher than all other statements the speaker makes, c) represent what the speaker hopes will become the residual message in listeners minds (i. . , the main conceptions remembered when the details of the message bind been forgotten), and d) are frequently repeated or restated in the message (Hart 98). In the extract above, every sentence contains a major claim, according to its definition. The message does not consist of specific words having definitive meaning of the work be after they are, rather, the broadest, most encompassing. What seems to strengthen the message is its rhythmical construction and repetition.Unlike the prosaic parts of the speech, where the listener does not need to employ their imagination, the poetical ones dominate it in order to fill the violate in the meanings between the sun and the winds, which should provoke our cars, or work out the way to wield technologys wonders (Obama 2). The structures of these stanzas follow the rules of synthetic parallelism, where the theme is worked up by the building of thought upon similar thought (Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), Parallelism, 2/4).These linguistic tools contribute to the speakers foreground processing of the idea of forthcoming changes by reiterate the same or similar syntactic structures along with the 12 same phrase we will. L exically, the stanzas also correspond. The theme of building and reconstruction the countrys economy progresses throughout the block with a utmost chord where Obama seems to have changed his pre-presidential slogan yes, we can to yes, we will. 4. 3.Parallelism and foregrounding Parallelism is a product of balanced arrangement achieved through repetition of the same syntactic form (The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, parallelism). Analyzing the text, one can find both syntactic and lexical parallels. Lexical parallelism is an effect of repetition of the same words or certain relationships between words, mostly belong to the same word group, such as verbs or nouns. Giving examples of parallelism, scholars often refer to poetry and rhetoric.It seems that what they have in common is their appeal to the listeners emotions rather than pragmatism. Foregrounding is based on giving unusual prominence to one element or property of the text (The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, foreg rounding). The devices such as repetition and giving a booming syntactic position are ordinarily employed for creating a foreground effect. The background is, hence, a weaker and significantly less important component in the text is used as a tool for stressing foregrounding.I would like to stir that the following piece of speech consists of lexical parallels. To start with, the nouns strength and weakness are antonyms by lay them in the same line the speaker creates the effect of parallelism based on contradiction. He continuously contrasts and contradicts the rights and wrongs in the text until purity eventually prevails over evil. For we crawl in that our patchwork heritage is strength, not a weakness. 13 We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus and non- recallrs.We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth and because we have tasted the bitter slop of civil war and segregation, and emerged from the dark chapter stron ger and united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass that the lines of commonwealth shall soon adjourn that as the world grows daintyer, our common universe shall reveal itself and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace. (Obama 4) It is interesting that by contradicting and drawing parallels, the speaker achieves the effect of foregrounding.Before pointing out the goal, the speaker explains the reason for it and, hence, prepares the ground for the challenge, which seems achievable afterwards. Lexical and syntactic repetitions strengthen both the background and foreground of the text. speak about the diversity of the country, Obama uses the effect of antithesis making contrasts when mentioning the religious groups. The diversity of religions evolves from being scarce contrastive, which competency in other contexts be interpreted as divisive and, therefore, a knobbed issue, to cohesion and solidarity of the purpose.Thos e elements, which rest on the side of meanness, fade away under the pressure of goodness. The following compounds of phrases seem predictable then hatreds pass . . . nation dissolve . . . world reveal (Obama 4). 14 4. 3. 1Parallelism syntactic and lexical The following extract is an example of both syntactic and lexical parallelism. The sentences begin with and are stressed by a prepositional phrase for us. It is followed by the noun phrase consisting of the pronoun they, which is followed by two verb phrases joined by a conjunction and.The sentences are not alike in the structures. That is to say, although their first verb phrase is intransitive, in the first two sentences, it is post-modified by a noun phrase and a prepositional phrase respectively. In the third sentence, the same prepositional phrase post-modifies the two intransitive verb phrases fought and died. These verbs have related meaning where fighting causes dying. In the sanction sentence, the phrases toiled in sweatshops and plowed the hard earth are quasi-synonymous as they both mean doing hard work.In addition to the parallelism, the repetition and the head word position of the phrase for us produces the effect of foregrounding. The repetition and relationship of the phrases they and for us make the message of the passage more coherent. Everything they did, they did for us. In this case, what forebearers sic did, is not signified only as a list of jobs, but rather as the effort they made for a future times. The language devices serve as a means of the message here. For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and travelled across oceans in search of a new life.For us, they toiled in sweatshops and colonized the West 15 endured the rap of the whip and plowed the hard earth. For us, they fought and died, in places like confine and Gettysburg Normandy and Khe Sanh. (Obama 2) 4. 3. 2. Parallelism and alliteration The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms defines the term alliter ation as the repetition of the same sounds usually initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables in any sequence of neighboring words, remarking that in some poetry alliteration rather than rhythm is the chief principle of repetition (alliteration).The following block of supposed poetry contains both of the devices alliteration and parallelism. The adjectives less and last are not only repeated in the same stanza, but they also start with the same consonant l, consist of a single syllable and have similarity in the meaning. They both related to the tendency to minimize something to an unimportant level. Although the two first stanzas begin with the same pronoun our, they differ in the choice of linguistic tools. The effect of parallelism of the following two stanzas rests upon contradiction.Alliteration is more vaguely expressed in the words starting with consonant p such as pat, protecting, putting and passed in the second stanza, and is absent in the third one. These two stanzas contain verbs and/or verb phrases having opposite meaning they contradict each other and the parallelism is based on contradiction. Every stanza consists of a single, complex sentence, where flashiness is accumulating in the first two lines in stanza 1 and 2 (in the third stanza that is line 1), and accelerating to its climax in the following line 3 and 4 relatively.Calling for action, Obama stresses the last syllables in 16 phrasal verbs verbs of action nibble up and rubble off. The choice of these multi-word verbs manifestly reflects the desire to empha size the need for action up and off associate with nerve impulse and movement. The tension is growing from the first to the last verse with the conclusion coming as a final chord Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last workweek or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished.But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off u npleasant decisions that time has for sure passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, detritus ourselves off, and begin again the work of produce America. (Obama 2) 4. 4. Rhetoric lexical chain for the planned changes Hart defines the word lexicon as words that are unique to a group or individual and that have specific rhetorical great power . . . by using preferred words a speaker can establish the right 17 to address the audience (156).Considering the fact that rhetoric is a persuasive use of language, Hart is insistent that rhetoric is an art . . . which creates a story out of nothing, using symbols to bring to life feelings we had forgotten we had, plans we had not hitherto considered (7). He continues the story rhetoric tells is invariably a story with a purpose it is never told for its own sake (7). In the following chapter, I will draw attention to some rhetorical techniques which contribute to the delivery of the message.More precisely, they are two of quintu ple basic moves as Hart define them (2) the speaker must come to be regarded as a helper rather than an exploiter (3) the speaker must convince the listener that new choices need to be made (7). In his address, Obama proclaims that the time of standing pat . . . has sure as shooting passed and the nation is to begin again the work on redo America (2). In order to indicate forthcoming changes in various areas and to stress the novelties planned, he parallels them with a new contemporaries and a new age.He makes a specific lexical chain the choice of vocabulary in order to indicate the expected changes in the society whose aim is to create the atmosphere of unity and agreement similar to the ideal American family. The theme of unity goes throughout the speech, and that is done by a attendingfully catchd lexical chain as well as repetition. The feeling of unity is constructed in the very beginning in the greeting My fellow citizens, where the president identifies himself as one belonging to the society, corrasion away the invisible border between the stage and the crowd.The following step is to institution the image of the nation as a family, where the ideals and traditions are transmitted from generation to generation- the word which is used quite extensively in the address. Obama creates a solid ground for a consensus of the main issues with the Americans from the very beginning by claiming that We the People have remained combineful to the ideas of our forebearers sic, and true to our bringing documents (1). This idea is developed and reused in such a way that it reappears in the very end of the speech, where Obama cites the 8 words of our (the Americans) father in the year of Americas birth calling for unity and commitment. 4. 5. Citing other orators Obama has numerous times been compared with the calamitous American civil rights leader Martin Luther King, and he himself draws attention to such a comparison. The day before the inauguration BBC Ne ws account that he reflected that Tuesdays inauguration ceremony would take place on the same mall where many thousands gathered in 1963 to hear Martin Luther Kings lesson I have A Dream speech (1).In fact, there was another political leader, who made his speech on the same day rightful(prenominal) before Dr King did the national president of the American Jewish carnal goledge Rabbi Joachim Prinz, whose words Obama cites and whose message he reintroduces. The time . . . has come phrase is excerpted from Dr Prinzs speech. His thought of the time . . . for us to work together, for it is not enough to hope together for it is not enough to pray together is alter and reused in Obamas speech (Prinz, cultured rights). The time has come to reaffirm our imperishable tint is the phrase which not only resembles Dr Prinzs but proclaims a new reaffirming cycle in American history. Obamas elan of addressing the audience is also resembles Prinzs. They both start with a rather statuesque address, changing then to direct address . . . , a feature often found in personal correspondence, such as Prinzs our fathers taught us, our children, yours and mine, we share and Obamas our forebearers, our Founding Fathers, men and women and children of every race and every faith, we remain. 9 4. 6. The elements of preaching According to discourses of cultural criticism, Obamas rhetorical modality may be described as an American one. Hart refers to a number of scholars when stating that one of the most distinctive things about American rhetoric is its curious combination of Transcendental and Pragmatic themes where he continues the transcendent strain in discourse gives it an elevating tone, the sort of tone one hears on inauguration day in the United States(240). On this day, the president efficacy feel disposed(p) to mention the words of Scripture.He avoids favouring one single religion by referring to sacred scripture rather than the rule countersign, which relates to any religion in the world and, although he cites Bible, the determine he mentions are universal the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit to accept our better history to carry forward that precious gift, that the noble idea, passed from generation to generation the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all be a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. Obama 2) In that block, one can feel the growing tension, which comes as a climax in poetry and end in a traditional, Afro-American sermon. It has elements of Gospel, where rhythm changes its pattern while the main idea is repeated. Obamas tendency of public performance has been compared with preaching, particularly that which belongs to the tradition of AfroAmerican preaching discourse. Capone notices that among the characteristics which parallel Obamas speech style with Afro-American religious traditions is rhythmic structure, predisposition and ele vation (2970). 0 Hart argues that the Americans are a nation that seems to need a Holy Purpose for doing almost anything (240). Speaking on politics and business, Obama strengthens his states by referring to the Bible again hatreds shall someday pass . . . the lines of kin group shall soon dissolve . . . our common humanity shall reveal itself (4). Transcendental theme supports the pragmatic thoughts, in other words, two themes cooperate so that the message maximizes its ardor. 5. ConclusionThe analysis of Barack Obamas Inaugural Address suggests that the speech was made by a skilful orator, who employed various linguistic and rhetoric devices for the efficiency of the address. They are tightly linked together and, at times, it is hard to separate one from another as they are often multifunctional. I would like to suggest that the high level of education of the speaker was instrumental when setting various tools in collaboration, so that the use of them produced the effect of a suited message, the one which the audience accepted as if it had come from it self.Learning from Ancient Greeks, President uses didactic poetry persuading, convincing and easy-to-be-remembered rhythmic style when addressing to a wide audience of the Americans. didactic poetry rests upon repetition and parallelism, which are the basic tools for creating an easily memorized message. Parallelism is, in turn, a part of a linguistic field of semantics. Focusing on parallelism employed in the speech, I have found that personal pronouns play a significant role in creating a foregrounding effect, which is an aspect of pragmatics. All these devices positively correlative with a rhetorical style, which the orator chose for the speech.The event took place at a historical mall, where some of the most prominent American orators have spoken to large audiences. In his speech, Obama stresses the strong connections between generations which he, as he states, is to endure, and employs other orator s words in order to support the statement. 21 In an judge to cover the most important values of the American people, Obama appeals to those which rest upon family and religion. He cites the Bible but quite carefully and, having pointed out the diversity of religions represented in the country, applies his words to universal, transcendental truth.He also creates an emotional atmosphere of a nation as a family, which suggests unity and support, the desire for a better future and a readiness for working hard on it for the close generations sake. The lexical register along with the foregrounding help to effect the chore in a sociable view. The newly elected president needs his peoples support for the forthcoming reforms, which he has planned to carry out. The unity of the Americans, in order to receive their advanced approval, seems to be the aim of the Presidents address to the nation. His speech is persuasive, but only aggressive.By using linguistic techniques, which have been e mployed by a number of the nations Fathers and which have proved to be successful and appreciated both by the audience present and forthcoming generations, Obama announces his address to his people in a favorable way. That is to say, the extensive use of pronouns we and our in combinations with the lexical chain discussed above, affects the speech in such a way that the audience, to some extent, qualification almost be considered to be participants in it and the President performs as a representative of the people.The various linguistic and rhetorical devices suggest that the orator articulates the ideas of the audience and that as a president, he represents the interests of his people. 22 Works Cited . A Dictionary of Critical Theory by Ian Buchanan. Oxford University Press, 2010. Oxford deferred payment Online. Oxford University Press. Hogskolan I Halmstad. Web. 30 Mar. 2011 Akmajian, Adrian, et al. philology An Introduction to Language and Communication. 5th ed. The USA Massach usetts Institute of Technology, 2001. Print. Bazzanella, Carla. Redundancy, repetition, and intensity in discourse. Language Sciences 33 (2011) 243-254.Web. 03 Feb. 2011. BBC News, Obama honours Martin Luther King, BBC. BBC News, 20 Jan 2009 Web. 29 Mar 2011. Capone, Alessandro. Barack Obamas South Carolina Speech Journal of Pragmatics. 42 (2010) 2964-2977. Web. Greenstein, Fred I. The Presidential Difference. 3rd ed. Princeton and Oxford Princeton University Press, 2009. Print. Hart, P. Roderick. Modern Rhetorical Criticism. Upper Saddle River Allyn&Bacon A Pearson tuition Company, 1997. Print. Lash, Scott. Another Modernity. 1998. Oxford Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1999. Print. Leanne, Shel. Say It Like Obama The tycoon of Speaking with Purpose and Vision.USA RR Donnelley, 2009. Print. Mey, Jacob L. Pragmatics An Introduction. 1993. Oxford Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2002. Print. Obama, Barack. Bararack Obamas Inaugural Address. The Inaugural Address, Washington, The Capitol, 20 Ja n. The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 20 Jan. 2009. Web. 10 whitethorn 2011. Oxford Dictionary of English, Ed. Angus Stevenson. Oxford University Press, 2007. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Hogskolan I Halmstad. Web. 17 Feb. 2011 23 Prinz, Joachim. I speak to you as an American Jew, Web. 4 Apr 2011. http//joachimprinz. com/civilrights. htm/. Punahou leave lasting impression on Obama. The Associated Press. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 2007. Web. 11 Apr 2011. http//archive. starbulletin. com. Simpson, Paul. Stylistics A re inception book for students. London and New York Routledge, 2002. Print. Tenbrink, Thora. Reference frames of lay and time in language. Journal of Pragmatics. 43. 3 (2011) 704-722. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. . The Concise Oxford Companion to unsullied Literature. Ed. M. C. Howatson and Ian Chilvers. Oxford University Press, 1996. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Hogskolan I Halmstad. Web. 18 Feb. 2011 .The Concise Oxford Companion to Englishl Literature. Ed. Margaret Drabble and Jenny Stringer. Oxford University Press, 2007. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Hogskolan I Halmstad. Web. 17 Feb. 2011 . The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Chris Baldick. Oxford University Press, 2008. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Hogskolan I Halmstad. Web. 22Feb. 2011. 24 Appendix Obamas Inaugural Address Remarks as Prepared for tar January 20, 2009 My fellow citizens I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. Forty-four Americans have straightway taken the presidential cursing. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the s work on irrigate of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms . At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents. So it has been.So it must be with this generation of Americans. That we are in the midst of crisis is straight off well dumb. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching communicate of violence and hatred. Our economy is unskilledly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our embodied failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost jobs shed businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly our schools fail too many and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land a nagging fear that Americas decline is inevitable, and that the adjoining generation must lower its sights. Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short get over of time. But know this, America they will be met. On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord. 1On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and foolish promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics. We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit to choose our better history to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happines s.In reaffirming the richness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our locomote has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risktakers, the doers, the makers of things some storied but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life. For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth. For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg Normandy and Khe Sahn. Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger t han the sum of our individual ambitions greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, mesomorphic nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of produce America. For everywhere we look, there is work to be done.The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore scien ce to its rightful place, and wield technologys wonders to raise health cares quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to get word the demands of a new age.All this we can do. And all this we will do. 2 Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For they have forgotten what this country has already done what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and compulsion to courage. What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them that the stale political arguments that have choosed us for so long no longer apply.The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the publics dollars will be held to account to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the feeble of day because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government. Nor is the question before us whether the market place is a force for good or ill.Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of picture and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous. The success of our economy has constantly depended not just on the size of our Gross Domestic Product, but on the reach of our prosperity on our ability to dilute opportunity to every ordain heart not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good. As for our common defense , we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals.Our Founding Fathers, approach with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a take up to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the credit line of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expediences sake. And so to all other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman, and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and that we are ready to lead once more.Recall that earlier generations go about down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use our tribute emanates from the jus tness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humbleness and restraint. We are the keepers of this legacy. Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort even greater cooperation and understanding between nations.We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet. We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be low-down you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you. 3 For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness.We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus and non-believers. We are shaped by every langu age and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect. To those leaders some the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their societys ills on the West know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history but that we will extend a hand if you are automatic to unclench your fist.To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow to treasure starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford flatness to suffering outside our borders nor can we consume the worlds resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it. As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off forsake and distant mountains.They have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages. We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves. And yet, at this moment a moment that will define a generation it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all. For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimatel y the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies.It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the altruism of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours. It is the firefighters courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parents willingness to nurture a child, that at last decides our fate. Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be new. But those values upon which our success depends hard work and honesty, courage and honest play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism these things are old.These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history. What is demanded then is a return to these truths. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world, duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather accept gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task.This is the price and the promise of citizenship. This is the source of our confidence the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny. 4 This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath. So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled.In the year of Americas birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots constellate by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stain with blood. At a mom ent when the ending of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people Let it be told to the future world that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and equity could survive that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet it. America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our childrens children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter and with eyes fixed on the horizon and Gods grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations. 5